Kyiv, Ukraina.
April, 30, 2014
среда, 30 апреля 2014 г.
Doctor Honoris Causa
ORDEM DO MÉRITO TEOLÓGICO CRISTO O ETERNO
O Soberano Grão-Mestre da Ordem do Mérito Teológico Cristo o Eterno no Uso de suas atribuições Outorga o Presente Titulo Doutor Honoris Causa a:
Sua Beatitude Sagrada Arcebispo TARAS SERGIYVOVICH SHEVCHENKO, em reconhecimento por sua formação Teológica, Educacional, Acadêmica, sendo um profundo Estudioso e Pesquisador das Sagradas Escrituras e por seu relevante trabalho em prol do Cristianismo e da Humanidade.
Soberano Grão-Mestre da Ordem do Mérito Teológico Cristo o Eterno.
Prof. Dr. Iguaci Luiz de Gouveia Junior
****
ORDER OF MERIT Theological CHRIST THE ETERNAL
The Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Merit Theological Christ the Lord in their assignments Granting Use of the Gift Title Doctor Honoris Causa to:
His Beatitude Archbishop Holy TARAS SERGIYVOVICH SHEVCHENKO, in recognition of his theological training, Educational, Academic, being a profound scholar and researcher of Holy Escritras and for his outstanding work in prou of Christianity and humanity.
Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Merit Theological Christ the Eternal.
Prof. Dr. Iguaci Luiz de Gouveia Júnior
O Soberano Grão-Mestre da Ordem do Mérito Teológico Cristo o Eterno no Uso de suas atribuições Outorga o Presente Titulo Doutor Honoris Causa a:
Sua Beatitude Sagrada Arcebispo TARAS SERGIYVOVICH SHEVCHENKO, em reconhecimento por sua formação Teológica, Educacional, Acadêmica, sendo um profundo Estudioso e Pesquisador das Sagradas Escrituras e por seu relevante trabalho em prol do Cristianismo e da Humanidade.
Soberano Grão-Mestre da Ordem do Mérito Teológico Cristo o Eterno.
Prof. Dr. Iguaci Luiz de Gouveia Junior
****
ORDER OF MERIT Theological CHRIST THE ETERNAL
The Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Merit Theological Christ the Lord in their assignments Granting Use of the Gift Title Doctor Honoris Causa to:
His Beatitude Archbishop Holy TARAS SERGIYVOVICH SHEVCHENKO, in recognition of his theological training, Educational, Academic, being a profound scholar and researcher of Holy Escritras and for his outstanding work in prou of Christianity and humanity.
Sovereign Grand Master of the Order of Merit Theological Christ the Eternal.
Prof. Dr. Iguaci Luiz de Gouveia Júnior
вторник, 29 апреля 2014 г.
Chujiro Hayashi
Chujiro Hayashi 1878 - 1940
Dr Hayashi has played 2 important parts in Western Reiki. Number one is that he is probably the originator of the hand position system used here in the West. Number two is that he initiated Mrs Takata to Reiki Master which brought Reiki to the West.
An ex-naval Officer in the Japanese Navy and a Naval Doctor who graduated Navy School in December 1902.
He started his Reiki training with Usui Sensei in 1925, 47 years of age. It is believed he was one of the last Reiki Masters trained by Usui.
Following his first training he left the Usui school and started a small clinic in Tokyo named "Hayashi Reiki Kenkyu-kai", which had 8 beds and 16 healers. Practitioners worked in pairs of two to a bed giving treatments to patients.
Hayashi originally had seven to eight hand positions that covered the upper body only. These positions are based on the Eastern traditional healing methods (such as Chinese Medicine) that the "body" is the head and torso, the limbs are considered "external". When treating these positions, which cover major energy center's (acupuncture points), the energy will flow not only through the body but also to the arms and legs. (using meridians). Therefore it is only necessary to treat the head and torso in order to treat the entire body mind.
Usui Sensei used head positions only, then treated any problem area on the body. He also gave additional positions for treating specific conditions.
It seems that Hayashi may have adopted further hand positions and that these may have been the base for the hand positions used in the western world. These hand positions that cover the whole body gives a better overall flow of energy around and through the body.
Dr Hayashi compiled his own 40 page manual on how to use the hand positions for certain ailments. This manual may have been give to his students. During his work with Reiki he initiated about 17 Reiki Masters including Mrs Takata.
Chujiro Hayashi ritually ended his life by committing Seppuku' on May 10th 1940.
понедельник, 28 апреля 2014 г.
All men desire peace
“All men desire peace, but very few desire those things that make for peace”
― Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation of Christ
суббота, 26 апреля 2014 г.
Be at Peace
The Word of God will speak to us if we are in a state of relaxed peacefulness and we are also willing to accept the Word that will be spoken We need a sense of quiet receptivity to the Word.
God our King
O come, let us worship God our King.
O come, let us worship and fall down before Christ our King and God.
O come, let us worship and fall down before Christ Himself, our King and God.
To be a witness
So it is moment for you to be a witness of the healing power of Jesus Christ “Return to your home, and declare how much God has done for you.” (Luke 8:39).
The mere existence of God is forgotten
He can see clearly now that the world is corrupted and does not follow God anymore, that the world is indeed possessed by a legion of demons (Luke 8:30) that drive all the people in a spiritual desert, far from the richness and the abundance of the spirit, in a barren place where the mere existence of God is forgotten.
Treasury of good things and Giver of life
O Heavenly King, Comforter, Spirit of Truth,
Who art everywhere present and fillest all things,
Treasury of good things and Giver of life:
Come and dwell in us, and cleanse us of all impurity,
and save our souls, O Good One.
пятница, 25 апреля 2014 г.
четверг, 24 апреля 2014 г.
Embassy of Peace
You are welcome! The idea: Peace, Harmony, Love, Health, Protection.Purpose: To transfer the values of life from generation to generation.
Ambassador of RSG Embassy of Peace - it is International Volunteer peaceful activities to help people of different nationalities and different religious denominations, in other countries.
Of ambition or a sense of duty can not be born anything valuable.
Values arise due to the love and devotion of the people and the objective realities of the world.
Albert Einstein
Ambassador of RSG Embassy of Peace - it is International Volunteer peaceful activities to help people of different nationalities and different religious denominations, in other countries.
Of ambition or a sense of duty can not be born anything valuable.
Values arise due to the love and devotion of the people and the objective realities of the world.
Albert Einstein
Kiev, Ukraine. April, 23, 2014. Taras Sergiyovich Shevchenko
Kiev, Ukraine. April, 23, 2014.
Taras Sergiyovich Shevchenko.
среда, 23 апреля 2014 г.
I like magnotherapy (magnetic therapy)
Magnet therapy, magnetic therapy, or magnotherapy is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice involving the use of static magnetic fields. Practitioners claim that subjecting certain parts of the body to magnetostatic fields produced by permanent magnets has beneficial health effects. These physical and biological claims are unproven and no effects on health or healing have been established. Although hemoglobin, the blood protein that carries oxygen, is weakly diamagnetic (when oxygenated) or paramagnetic (when deoxygenated) the magnets used in magnetic therapy are many orders of magnitude too weak to have any measurable effect on blood flow.
Magnet therapy is the application of the magnetic field of electromagnetic devices or permanent static magnets to the body for purported health benefits. Some believers assign different effects based on the orientation of the magnet; under the laws of physics, magnetic poles are symmetric.
Products include magnetic bracelets and jewelry; magnetic straps for wrists, ankles, knees, and the back; shoe insoles; mattresses; magnetic blankets (blankets with magnets woven into the material); magnetic creams; magnetic supplements; plasters/patches and water that has been "magnetized".
Perhaps the most common suggested mechanism is that magnets might improve blood flow in underlying tissues. The field surrounding magnet therapy devices is far too weak and falls off with distance far too quickly to appreciably affect hemoglobin, other blood components, muscle tissue, bones, blood vessels, or organs. A 1991 study on humans of static field strengths up to 1 T found no effect on local blood flow. Tissue oxygenation is similarly unaffected. Some practitioners claim that the magnets can restore the body's hypothetical "electromagnetic energy balance", but no such balance is medically recognized. Even in the magnetic fields used in magnetic resonance imaging, which are many times stronger, none of the claimed effects are observed. If the body were meaningfully affected by the weak magnets used in magnet therapy, MRI would be impractical.
Magnet therapy has been promoted as a treatment for cancer and other diseases; the American Cancer Society state, "available scientific evidence does not support these claims".
Magnet therapy is the application of the magnetic field of electromagnetic devices or permanent static magnets to the body for purported health benefits. Some believers assign different effects based on the orientation of the magnet; under the laws of physics, magnetic poles are symmetric.
Products include magnetic bracelets and jewelry; magnetic straps for wrists, ankles, knees, and the back; shoe insoles; mattresses; magnetic blankets (blankets with magnets woven into the material); magnetic creams; magnetic supplements; plasters/patches and water that has been "magnetized".
Perhaps the most common suggested mechanism is that magnets might improve blood flow in underlying tissues. The field surrounding magnet therapy devices is far too weak and falls off with distance far too quickly to appreciably affect hemoglobin, other blood components, muscle tissue, bones, blood vessels, or organs. A 1991 study on humans of static field strengths up to 1 T found no effect on local blood flow. Tissue oxygenation is similarly unaffected. Some practitioners claim that the magnets can restore the body's hypothetical "electromagnetic energy balance", but no such balance is medically recognized. Even in the magnetic fields used in magnetic resonance imaging, which are many times stronger, none of the claimed effects are observed. If the body were meaningfully affected by the weak magnets used in magnet therapy, MRI would be impractical.
Magnet therapy has been promoted as a treatment for cancer and other diseases; the American Cancer Society state, "available scientific evidence does not support these claims".
понедельник, 21 апреля 2014 г.
Amazing idea for Easter
Wash out egg shell, let dry, place a water soaked cotton ball in the bottom of the egg, add grass/wheat seat, place in a warm sunny spot! Watch grow and trim the hair!
Kiev, Ukraine
Kiev is one of the oldest cities of Eastern Europe and has played a pivotal role in the development of the medieval East Slavic civilization as well as in the modern Ukrainian nation.
It is believed that Kiev was founded in the late 9th century (some historians have referred to as 482 CE). The origin of the city is obscured by legends, one of which tells about a founding-family consisting of a Slavic tribe leader Kyi, the eldest, his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and also their sister Lybid, who founded the city (The Primary Chronicle). According to it the name Kyiv/Kiev means to "belong to Kyi". Some claim to find reference to the city in Ptolemy’s work as the Metropolity (the 2nd century). Another legend points that Saint Andrew passed through the area and where he erected a cross, a church was built. Also since the Middle Ages an image of the Saint Michael represented the city as well as the duchy.
There is little historical evidence pertaining to the period when the city was founded. Scattered Slavic settlements existed in the area from the 6th century, but it is unclear whether any of them later developed into the city. 8th-century fortifications were built upon a Slavic settlement apparently abandoned some decades before. It is still unclear whether these fortifications were built by the Slavs or the Khazars. If it was the Slavic peoples then it is also uncertain when Kiev fell under the rule of the Khazar empire or whether the city was, in fact, founded by the Khazars. The Primary Chronicle (a main source of information about the early history of the area) mentions Slavic Kievans telling Askold and Dir that they live without a local ruler and pay a tribute to the Khazars in an event attributed to the 9th century. At least during the 8th and 9th centuries Kiev functioned as an outpost of the Khazar empire. A hill-fortress, called Sambat (Old Turkic for "High Place") was built to defend the area. At some point during the late 9th or early 10th century Kiev fell under the rule of Varangians (see Askold and Dir, and Oleg of Novgorod) and became the nucleus of the Rus' polity. The date given for Oleg's conquest of the town in the Primary Chronicle is 882, but some historians, such as Omeljan Pritsak and Constantine Zuckerman, dispute this and maintain that Khazar rule continued as late as the 920s (documentary evidence exists to support this assertion – see the Kievian Letter and Schechter Letter.) Other historians suggest that the Magyar tribes ruled the city between 840 and 878, before migrating with some Khazar tribes to Hungary. According to these the building of the fortress of Kiev was finished in 840 by the lead of Keő (Keve), Csák and Geréb, the three brothers, possibly members of the Tarján tribe (the three names are mentioned in the Kiev Chronicle as Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv, none of them are Slavic names and it has been always a hard problem to solve their meaning/origin by Russian historians. Though the three names were put into the Kiev Chronicle in the 12th century and they were identified as old-Russian mythological heroes).
During the 8th and 9th centuries, Kiev was an outpost of the Khazar empire. However, being located on the historical trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks and starting in the late 9th century or early 10th century, Kiev was ruled by the Varangian nobility and became the nucleus of the Rus' polity, whose 'Golden Age' (11th to early 12th centuries) has from the 19th century become referred to as Kievan Rus'. In 968, the nomadic Pechenegs attacked and then besieged the city. In 1203 Kiev was captured and burned by Prince Rurik Rostislavich and his Kipchak allies. In the 1230s the city was besieged and ravaged by different Rus' princes several times. In 1240 the Mongol invasion of Rus' led by Batu Khan completely destroyed Kiev, an event that had a profound effect on the future of the city and the East Slavic civilization. At the time of the Mongol destruction, Kiev was reputed as one of the largest cities in the world, with a population exceeding 100,000 in the beginning of the early 12th century.
In the early 1320s, a Lithuanian army led by Gediminas defeated a Slavic army led by Stanislav of Kiev at the Battle on the Irpen' River, and conquered the city. The Tatars, who also claimed Kiev, retaliated in 1324–1325, so while Kiev was ruled by a Lithuanian prince, it had to pay a tribute to the Golden Horde. Finally, as a result of the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, Kiev and surrounding areas were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1482, the Crimean Tatars sacked and burned much of Kiev. In 1569 (Union of Lublin), when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established, the Lithuanian-controlled lands of the Kiev region, Podolia, Volhynia, and Podlachia, were transferred from Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and Kiev became the capital of Kiev Voivodeship. In 1658 (Treaty of Hadiach), Kiev was supposed to become the capital of the Duchy of Rus' within Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth, but the treaty was never ratified to this extent.[38] Kept by the Russian troops since 1654 (Treaty of Pereyaslav), it became a part of the Tsardom of Russia from 1667 on (Truce of Andrusovo) and enjoyed a degree of autonomy. None of Polish-Russian treaties concerning Kiev have ever been ratified. In the Russian Empire Kiev was a primary Christian centre, attracting pilgrims, and the cradle of many of the empire's most important religious figures, but until the 19th century the city's commercial importance remained marginal.
In 1834, the Saint Vladimir University was established; it is now called the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev after the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko. Shevchenko was a field researcher and editor for the geography department.The medical faculty of the Saint Vladimir University has been separated into an independent institution during Soviet period and is called now O.O.Bohomolets National Medical University.
During the 18th and 19th centuries city life was dominated by the Russian military and ecclesiastical authorities; the Russian Orthodox Church formed a significant part of Kiev's infrastructure and business activity. In the late 1840s, the historian, Mykola Kostomarov (Russian: Nikolay Kostomarov), founded a secret political society, the Brotherhood of Saint Cyril and Methodius, whose members put forward the idea of a federation of free Slavic people with Ukrainians as a distinct and separate group rather than a subordinate part of the Russian nation; the society was quickly suppressed by the authorities.
Following the gradual loss of Ukraine's autonomy, Kiev experienced growing Russification in the 19th century by means of Russian migration, administrative actions and social modernization. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city centre was dominated by the Russian-speaking part of the population, while the lower classes living on the outskirts retained Ukrainian folk culture to a significant extent. However, enthusiasts among ethnic Ukrainian nobles, military and merchants made recurrent attempts to preserve native culture in Kiev (by clandestine book-printing, amateur theatre, folk studies etc.)
During the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century, Kiev became an important trade and transportation centre of the Russian Empire, specialising in sugar and grain export by railway and on the Dnieper river. As of 1900, the city had also become a significant industrial centre, having a population of 250,000. Landmarks of that period include the railway infrastructure, the foundation of numerous educational and cultural facilities as well as notable architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented). The first electric tram line of the Russian Empire was established in Kiev (arguably, the first in the world).
Kiev prospered during the late 19th century Industrial Revolution in the Russian Empire, when it became the third most important city of the Empire and the major centre of commerce of its southwest. In the turbulent period following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Kiev became the capital of several short-lived Ukrainian states and was caught in the middle of several conflicts: World War I, during which it was occupied by German soldiers from 2 March 1918 to November 1918, the Russian Civil War, and the Polish–Soviet War. Kiev changed hands sixteen times from the end of 1918 to August 1920.
Starting in 1921, the city was a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, a founding republic of the Soviet Union. Kiev was greatly affected by all the major processes that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the interwar period: the 1920s Ukrainization as well as the migration of the rural Ukrainophone population made the Russophone city Ukrainian-speaking and propped up the development of the Ukrainian cultural life in the city; the Soviet Industrialization that started in the late 1920s turned the city, a former centre of commerce and religion, into a major industrial, technological and scientific centre, the 1932–1933 Great Famine devastated the part of the migrant population not registered for the ration cards, and Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–1938 almost eliminated the city's intelligentsia.
In 1934 Kiev became the capital of Soviet Ukraine. The city boomed again during the years of the Soviet industrialization as its population grew rapidly and many industrial giants were created, some of which exist to this day.
In World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, and was occupied by Nazi Germany from 19 September 1941 to 6 November 1943. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers were killed or captured in the great encirclement Battle of Kiev in 1941. Most of them never returned alive. Shortly after the city was occupied, a team of NKVD officers that had remained hidden dynamited most of the buildings on the Khreshchatyk, the main street of the city, most of whose buildings were being used by German military and civil authorities; the buildings burned for days and 25,000 people were left homeless.
Allegedly in response to the actions of the NKVD, the Germans rounded up all the local Jews they could find, nearly 34,000, and massacred them at Babi Yar over the course of 29–30 September 1941.
Kiev recovered economically in the post-war years, becoming once again the third most important city of the Soviet Union. The catastrophic accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 occurred only 100 km (62 mi) north of the city. However, the prevailing northward winds blew most of the radioactive debris away from the city.
In the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine was proclaimed in the city by the Ukrainian parliament on 24 August 1991. In 2004–2005, the city played host to until then the largest post-Soviet public demonstrations, in support of the Orange Revolution. From November 2013 until February 2014, central Kiev was the primary location of Euromaidan.
It is believed that Kiev was founded in the late 9th century (some historians have referred to as 482 CE). The origin of the city is obscured by legends, one of which tells about a founding-family consisting of a Slavic tribe leader Kyi, the eldest, his brothers Shchek and Khoryv, and also their sister Lybid, who founded the city (The Primary Chronicle). According to it the name Kyiv/Kiev means to "belong to Kyi". Some claim to find reference to the city in Ptolemy’s work as the Metropolity (the 2nd century). Another legend points that Saint Andrew passed through the area and where he erected a cross, a church was built. Also since the Middle Ages an image of the Saint Michael represented the city as well as the duchy.
There is little historical evidence pertaining to the period when the city was founded. Scattered Slavic settlements existed in the area from the 6th century, but it is unclear whether any of them later developed into the city. 8th-century fortifications were built upon a Slavic settlement apparently abandoned some decades before. It is still unclear whether these fortifications were built by the Slavs or the Khazars. If it was the Slavic peoples then it is also uncertain when Kiev fell under the rule of the Khazar empire or whether the city was, in fact, founded by the Khazars. The Primary Chronicle (a main source of information about the early history of the area) mentions Slavic Kievans telling Askold and Dir that they live without a local ruler and pay a tribute to the Khazars in an event attributed to the 9th century. At least during the 8th and 9th centuries Kiev functioned as an outpost of the Khazar empire. A hill-fortress, called Sambat (Old Turkic for "High Place") was built to defend the area. At some point during the late 9th or early 10th century Kiev fell under the rule of Varangians (see Askold and Dir, and Oleg of Novgorod) and became the nucleus of the Rus' polity. The date given for Oleg's conquest of the town in the Primary Chronicle is 882, but some historians, such as Omeljan Pritsak and Constantine Zuckerman, dispute this and maintain that Khazar rule continued as late as the 920s (documentary evidence exists to support this assertion – see the Kievian Letter and Schechter Letter.) Other historians suggest that the Magyar tribes ruled the city between 840 and 878, before migrating with some Khazar tribes to Hungary. According to these the building of the fortress of Kiev was finished in 840 by the lead of Keő (Keve), Csák and Geréb, the three brothers, possibly members of the Tarján tribe (the three names are mentioned in the Kiev Chronicle as Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv, none of them are Slavic names and it has been always a hard problem to solve their meaning/origin by Russian historians. Though the three names were put into the Kiev Chronicle in the 12th century and they were identified as old-Russian mythological heroes).
During the 8th and 9th centuries, Kiev was an outpost of the Khazar empire. However, being located on the historical trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks and starting in the late 9th century or early 10th century, Kiev was ruled by the Varangian nobility and became the nucleus of the Rus' polity, whose 'Golden Age' (11th to early 12th centuries) has from the 19th century become referred to as Kievan Rus'. In 968, the nomadic Pechenegs attacked and then besieged the city. In 1203 Kiev was captured and burned by Prince Rurik Rostislavich and his Kipchak allies. In the 1230s the city was besieged and ravaged by different Rus' princes several times. In 1240 the Mongol invasion of Rus' led by Batu Khan completely destroyed Kiev, an event that had a profound effect on the future of the city and the East Slavic civilization. At the time of the Mongol destruction, Kiev was reputed as one of the largest cities in the world, with a population exceeding 100,000 in the beginning of the early 12th century.
In the early 1320s, a Lithuanian army led by Gediminas defeated a Slavic army led by Stanislav of Kiev at the Battle on the Irpen' River, and conquered the city. The Tatars, who also claimed Kiev, retaliated in 1324–1325, so while Kiev was ruled by a Lithuanian prince, it had to pay a tribute to the Golden Horde. Finally, as a result of the Battle of Blue Waters in 1362, Kiev and surrounding areas were incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania. In 1482, the Crimean Tatars sacked and burned much of Kiev. In 1569 (Union of Lublin), when the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was established, the Lithuanian-controlled lands of the Kiev region, Podolia, Volhynia, and Podlachia, were transferred from Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, and Kiev became the capital of Kiev Voivodeship. In 1658 (Treaty of Hadiach), Kiev was supposed to become the capital of the Duchy of Rus' within Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth, but the treaty was never ratified to this extent.[38] Kept by the Russian troops since 1654 (Treaty of Pereyaslav), it became a part of the Tsardom of Russia from 1667 on (Truce of Andrusovo) and enjoyed a degree of autonomy. None of Polish-Russian treaties concerning Kiev have ever been ratified. In the Russian Empire Kiev was a primary Christian centre, attracting pilgrims, and the cradle of many of the empire's most important religious figures, but until the 19th century the city's commercial importance remained marginal.
In 1834, the Saint Vladimir University was established; it is now called the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kiev after the Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko. Shevchenko was a field researcher and editor for the geography department.The medical faculty of the Saint Vladimir University has been separated into an independent institution during Soviet period and is called now O.O.Bohomolets National Medical University.
During the 18th and 19th centuries city life was dominated by the Russian military and ecclesiastical authorities; the Russian Orthodox Church formed a significant part of Kiev's infrastructure and business activity. In the late 1840s, the historian, Mykola Kostomarov (Russian: Nikolay Kostomarov), founded a secret political society, the Brotherhood of Saint Cyril and Methodius, whose members put forward the idea of a federation of free Slavic people with Ukrainians as a distinct and separate group rather than a subordinate part of the Russian nation; the society was quickly suppressed by the authorities.
Following the gradual loss of Ukraine's autonomy, Kiev experienced growing Russification in the 19th century by means of Russian migration, administrative actions and social modernization. At the beginning of the 20th century, the city centre was dominated by the Russian-speaking part of the population, while the lower classes living on the outskirts retained Ukrainian folk culture to a significant extent. However, enthusiasts among ethnic Ukrainian nobles, military and merchants made recurrent attempts to preserve native culture in Kiev (by clandestine book-printing, amateur theatre, folk studies etc.)
During the Russian industrial revolution in the late 19th century, Kiev became an important trade and transportation centre of the Russian Empire, specialising in sugar and grain export by railway and on the Dnieper river. As of 1900, the city had also become a significant industrial centre, having a population of 250,000. Landmarks of that period include the railway infrastructure, the foundation of numerous educational and cultural facilities as well as notable architectural monuments (mostly merchant-oriented). The first electric tram line of the Russian Empire was established in Kiev (arguably, the first in the world).
Kiev prospered during the late 19th century Industrial Revolution in the Russian Empire, when it became the third most important city of the Empire and the major centre of commerce of its southwest. In the turbulent period following the 1917 Russian Revolution, Kiev became the capital of several short-lived Ukrainian states and was caught in the middle of several conflicts: World War I, during which it was occupied by German soldiers from 2 March 1918 to November 1918, the Russian Civil War, and the Polish–Soviet War. Kiev changed hands sixteen times from the end of 1918 to August 1920.
Starting in 1921, the city was a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, a founding republic of the Soviet Union. Kiev was greatly affected by all the major processes that took place in Soviet Ukraine during the interwar period: the 1920s Ukrainization as well as the migration of the rural Ukrainophone population made the Russophone city Ukrainian-speaking and propped up the development of the Ukrainian cultural life in the city; the Soviet Industrialization that started in the late 1920s turned the city, a former centre of commerce and religion, into a major industrial, technological and scientific centre, the 1932–1933 Great Famine devastated the part of the migrant population not registered for the ration cards, and Joseph Stalin's Great Purge of 1937–1938 almost eliminated the city's intelligentsia.
In 1934 Kiev became the capital of Soviet Ukraine. The city boomed again during the years of the Soviet industrialization as its population grew rapidly and many industrial giants were created, some of which exist to this day.
In World War II, the city again suffered significant damage, and was occupied by Nazi Germany from 19 September 1941 to 6 November 1943. More than 600,000 Soviet soldiers were killed or captured in the great encirclement Battle of Kiev in 1941. Most of them never returned alive. Shortly after the city was occupied, a team of NKVD officers that had remained hidden dynamited most of the buildings on the Khreshchatyk, the main street of the city, most of whose buildings were being used by German military and civil authorities; the buildings burned for days and 25,000 people were left homeless.
Allegedly in response to the actions of the NKVD, the Germans rounded up all the local Jews they could find, nearly 34,000, and massacred them at Babi Yar over the course of 29–30 September 1941.
Kiev recovered economically in the post-war years, becoming once again the third most important city of the Soviet Union. The catastrophic accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986 occurred only 100 km (62 mi) north of the city. However, the prevailing northward winds blew most of the radioactive debris away from the city.
In the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine was proclaimed in the city by the Ukrainian parliament on 24 August 1991. In 2004–2005, the city played host to until then the largest post-Soviet public demonstrations, in support of the Orange Revolution. From November 2013 until February 2014, central Kiev was the primary location of Euromaidan.
воскресенье, 20 апреля 2014 г.
The Worldwide Embassy of Human Rights Protection through Peace and Justice
The Worldwide Embassy of Human Rights Protection through Peace and Justice.
Human rights are moral principles that set out certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in national and international law.
The idea of human rights suggests, "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights".
Rights:
1.Distinctions a)Claim rights and liberty rights; b)Individual and group rights; c)Natural and legal rights; d)Negative and positive rights.
2.Human rights a)Civil and political; 2)Economic, social and cultural; 3)Three generations.
Civil liberties is important for us!
Chairperson: Dr. Taras Sergiyovich SHEVCHENKO.
In Facebook
Human rights are moral principles that set out certain standards of human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in national and international law.
The idea of human rights suggests, "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights".
Rights:
1.Distinctions a)Claim rights and liberty rights; b)Individual and group rights; c)Natural and legal rights; d)Negative and positive rights.
2.Human rights a)Civil and political; 2)Economic, social and cultural; 3)Three generations.
Civil liberties is important for us!
Chairperson: Dr. Taras Sergiyovich SHEVCHENKO.
In Facebook
суббота, 19 апреля 2014 г.
Holy Fire
The Holy Fire (Greek Ἃγιον Φῶς, "Holy Light") is described by Orthodox Christians as a miracle that occurs every year at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem on Great Saturday, or Holy Saturday, the day preceding Orthodox Easter.
Orthodox tradition holds that the Holy Fire is a miracle that happens annually on the day preceding Orthodox Easter, in which a blue light emanates within Jesus Christ's tomb (usually rising from the marble slab covering the stone bed believed to be that upon which Jesus' body was placed for burial) now in the Holy Sepulchre, which eventually forms a column containing a form of fire, from which candles are lit, which are then used to light the candles of the clergy and pilgrims in attendance. The fire is also said to spontaneously light other lamps and candles around the church. Pilgrims and clergy claim that the Holy Fire does not burn them.
While the patriarch is inside the chapel kneeling in front of the stone, there is darkness but far from silence outside. One hears a rather loud mumbling, and the atmosphere is very tense. When the Patriarch comes out with the two candles lit and shining brightly in the darkness, a roar of jubilee resounds in the Church.
The Holy Fire is brought to certain Orthodox countries, such as in Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Belarus, Cyprus, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and Macedonia, every year by special flights, being received with honors by state leaders at the respective airports.
The Russian hegumen Daniil (Daniel), who was present at the ceremony in 1106 AD, says that traditional beliefs "that the Holy Ghost descends upon the Holy Sepulchre in the form of a dove" and "that it is lightning from heaven which kindles the lamps above the Sepulchre of the Lord" are untrue, "but the Divine grace comes down unseen from heaven, and lights the lamps of the Sepulchre of our Lord".
Thousands of pilgrims gather in Jerusalem to partake and witness this annual miracle.
The historian, Eusebius, writes in his Vita Constantini which dates from around 328 about an interesting occurrence in Jerusalem of Easter in the year 162. When the churchwardens were about to fill the lamps to make them ready to celebrate the resurrection of Christ, they suddenly noticed that there was no more oil left to pour in the lamps. Upon this, Bishop Narcissus of Jerusalem ordered the candles to be filled with water. He then told the wardens to ignite them. In front of the eyes of all present every single lamp burned as if filled with pure oil.
Christian Orthodox Tradition holds that this miracle, which predates the construction of the Holy Sepulchre in the fourth Century, is related to the Miracle of the Holy Fire. They admit that the two differ, as the former was a one-time occurrence while the Miracle of the Holy Fire occurs every year. However, they have in common premise that God has produced fire where there logically speaking should have been none.
Around 385 Etheria, a noble woman from Spain, traveled to Palestine. In the account of her journey, she speaks of a ceremony by the Holy Sepulchre of Christ, where a light comes forth (ejicitur) from the small chapel enclosing the tomb, by which the entire church is filled with an infinite light (lumen infinitum).
The pilgrim Bernard the Monk mentions the holy fire in 870 AD.
In 1099, the failure of Crusaders to obtain the fire led to street riots in Jerusalem.
On May 3, 1834, the Muslim governor Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt exited the packed church by commanding his guards to slice a way out, the Church was so packed that a stampede added to the deaths which totaled four hundred. This was reported by Robert Curzon.
On April 26, 1856, James Finn watched Greek pilgrims battling Armenians with concealed sticks and stones. The pasha was carried out before his soldiers charged with fixed bayonets.
The Holy Fire failed to appear in 1923.
In 1238, Pope Gregory IX denounced the Holy Fire as a fraud and forbade Franciscans from participating in the ceremony.
Some Greeks have been critical of the Holy Fire, such as Adamantios Korais who condemned what he considered to be religious fraud in his treatise "On the Holy Light of Jerusalem." He referred to the event as "machinations of fraudulent priests" and to the "unholy" light of Jerusalem as "a profiteers' miracle".
Orthodox tradition holds that the Holy Fire is a miracle that happens annually on the day preceding Orthodox Easter, in which a blue light emanates within Jesus Christ's tomb (usually rising from the marble slab covering the stone bed believed to be that upon which Jesus' body was placed for burial) now in the Holy Sepulchre, which eventually forms a column containing a form of fire, from which candles are lit, which are then used to light the candles of the clergy and pilgrims in attendance. The fire is also said to spontaneously light other lamps and candles around the church. Pilgrims and clergy claim that the Holy Fire does not burn them.
While the patriarch is inside the chapel kneeling in front of the stone, there is darkness but far from silence outside. One hears a rather loud mumbling, and the atmosphere is very tense. When the Patriarch comes out with the two candles lit and shining brightly in the darkness, a roar of jubilee resounds in the Church.
The Holy Fire is brought to certain Orthodox countries, such as in Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Belarus, Cyprus, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt and Macedonia, every year by special flights, being received with honors by state leaders at the respective airports.
The Russian hegumen Daniil (Daniel), who was present at the ceremony in 1106 AD, says that traditional beliefs "that the Holy Ghost descends upon the Holy Sepulchre in the form of a dove" and "that it is lightning from heaven which kindles the lamps above the Sepulchre of the Lord" are untrue, "but the Divine grace comes down unseen from heaven, and lights the lamps of the Sepulchre of our Lord".
Thousands of pilgrims gather in Jerusalem to partake and witness this annual miracle.
The historian, Eusebius, writes in his Vita Constantini which dates from around 328 about an interesting occurrence in Jerusalem of Easter in the year 162. When the churchwardens were about to fill the lamps to make them ready to celebrate the resurrection of Christ, they suddenly noticed that there was no more oil left to pour in the lamps. Upon this, Bishop Narcissus of Jerusalem ordered the candles to be filled with water. He then told the wardens to ignite them. In front of the eyes of all present every single lamp burned as if filled with pure oil.
Christian Orthodox Tradition holds that this miracle, which predates the construction of the Holy Sepulchre in the fourth Century, is related to the Miracle of the Holy Fire. They admit that the two differ, as the former was a one-time occurrence while the Miracle of the Holy Fire occurs every year. However, they have in common premise that God has produced fire where there logically speaking should have been none.
Around 385 Etheria, a noble woman from Spain, traveled to Palestine. In the account of her journey, she speaks of a ceremony by the Holy Sepulchre of Christ, where a light comes forth (ejicitur) from the small chapel enclosing the tomb, by which the entire church is filled with an infinite light (lumen infinitum).
The pilgrim Bernard the Monk mentions the holy fire in 870 AD.
In 1099, the failure of Crusaders to obtain the fire led to street riots in Jerusalem.
On May 3, 1834, the Muslim governor Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt exited the packed church by commanding his guards to slice a way out, the Church was so packed that a stampede added to the deaths which totaled four hundred. This was reported by Robert Curzon.
On April 26, 1856, James Finn watched Greek pilgrims battling Armenians with concealed sticks and stones. The pasha was carried out before his soldiers charged with fixed bayonets.
The Holy Fire failed to appear in 1923.
In 1238, Pope Gregory IX denounced the Holy Fire as a fraud and forbade Franciscans from participating in the ceremony.
Some Greeks have been critical of the Holy Fire, such as Adamantios Korais who condemned what he considered to be religious fraud in his treatise "On the Holy Light of Jerusalem." He referred to the event as "machinations of fraudulent priests" and to the "unholy" light of Jerusalem as "a profiteers' miracle".
Ukrainian Easter egg
A pysanka is a pretty Ukrainian Easter egg, decorated with traditional Ukrainian folk designs using a wax-resist (batik) method. The word pysanka comes from the verb pysaty, "to write", as the designs are not painted on, but written with beeswax.
Many other eastern European ethnic groups decorate eggs using wax resist for Easter. These include the Belarusians, Bulgarians, Croats, Czechs, Hungarians, Lithuanians, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes and Sorbs.
The art of the decorated egg in Ukraine, or the pysanka, probably dates back to ancient times. No actual ancient examples exist, as eggshells are fragile.
As in many ancient cultures, Ukrainians worshipped a sun god (Dazhboh). The sun was important - it warmed the earth and thus was a source of all life. Eggs decorated with nature symbols became an integral part of spring rituals, serving as benevolent talismans.
In pre-Christian times, Dazhboh was one of the main deities in the Slavic pantheon; birds were the sun god's chosen creations, for they were the only ones who could get near him. Humans could not catch the birds, but they did manage to obtain the eggs the birds laid. Thus, the eggs were magical objects, a source of life. The egg was also honored during rite-of-Spring festivals––it represented the rebirth of the earth. The long, hard winter was over; the earth burst forth and was reborn just as the egg miraculously burst forth with life. The egg, therefore, was believed to have special powers.
With the advent of Christianity, via a process of religious syncretism, the symbolism of the egg was changed to represent, not nature's rebirth, but the rebirth of man. Christians embraced the egg symbol and likened it to the tomb from which Christ rose. With the acceptance of Christianity in 988, the decorated pysanka, in time, was adapted to play an important role in Ukrainian rituals of the new religion. Many symbols of the old sun worship survived and were adapted to represent Easter and Christ's Resurrection.
In modern times, the art of the pysanka was carried abroad by Ukrainian emigrants to North and South America, where the custom took hold, and concurrently banished in Ukraine by the Soviet regime (as a religious practice), where it was nearly forgotten. Museum collections were destroyed both by war and by Soviet russians cadres. Since Ukrainian Independence in 1991, there has been a rebirth of the art in its homeland.
No actual pysanka have been found from Ukraine's prehistoric periods, as eggshells do not preserve well. Cultic ceramic eggs have been discovered in excavations near the village of Luka Vrublivets'ka, during excavations of a Trypillian site (5th to 3rd millennium BC). These eggs were ornamented and in the form of rattles containing a small stone with which to scare evil spirits away.
Similarly, no actual pysanky from the Kievan Rus' period exist, but stone, clay and bone versions do, and have been excavated in many sites throughout Ukraine. Most common are ceramic eggs decorated with a horsetail plant pattern in yellow and bright green against a dark background. More than 70 such eggs have been excavated throughout Ukraine, many of them from graves of children and adults. They are thought to be representations of real decorated eggs.
These ceramic eggs were common in Kievan Rus', and had a characteristic style. They were slightly smaller than life size (2.5 by 4 cm, or 1 by 1.6 inches), and were created from reddish pink clays by the spiral method. The majolica glazed eggs had a brown, green or yellow background, and showed interwoven yellow and green stripes. The eggs made in large cities like Kiev and Chernihiv, which had workshops that produced clay tile and bricks; these tiles (and pysanky) were not only used locally, but were exported to Poland, and to several Scandinavian and Baltic countries.
The oldest "real" pysanka was excavated in L'viv in 2013, and was found in a rainwater collection system that dates to the 15th or 16th century. The pysanka was written on a goose egg, which was discovered largely intact, and the design is that of a wave pattern. The second oldest known pysanka was excavated in Baturyn in 2008, and dates to the end of the 17th century. Baturyn was Hetman Mazepa's capital, and it was razed in 1708 by the armies of Peter I. A complete (but crushed) pysanka was discovered, a chicken egg shell with geometric designs against a blue-gray background. The pysanka is currently being reconstructed; when completed, it will allow us to see what sort of ornamentation was in use in pre-1708 Ukraine.
The Hutsuls––Ukrainians who live in the Carpathian Mountains of western Ukraine––believe that the fate of the world depends upon the pysanka. As long as the egg decorating custom continues, the world will exist. If, for any reason, this custom is abandoned, evil––in the shape of a horrible serpent who is forever chained to a cliff–– will overrun the world. Each year the serpent sends out his minions to see how many pysanky have been created. If the number is low the serpent's chains are loosened and he is free to wander the earth causing havoc and destruction. If, on the other hand, the number of pysanky has increased, the chains are tightened and good triumphs over evil for yet another year.
Newer legends blended folklore and Christian beliefs and firmly attached the egg to the Easter celebration. One legend concerns the Virgin Mary. It tells of the time Mary gave eggs to the soldiers at the cross. She entreated them to be less cruel to her son and she wept. The tears of Mary fell upon the eggs, spotting them with dots of brilliant color.
Another legend tells of when Mary Magdalene went to the sepulchre to anoint the body of Jesus. She had with her a basket of eggs to serve as a repast. When she arrived at the sepulchre and uncovered the eggs, the pure white shells had miraculously taken on a rainbow of colors.
A common legend tells of Simon the peddler, who helped Jesus carry his cross on the way to Calvary. He had left his goods at the side of the road, and, when he returned, the eggs had all turned into intricately decorated pysanky.
Many other eastern European ethnic groups decorate eggs using wax resist for Easter. These include the Belarusians, Bulgarians, Croats, Czechs, Hungarians, Lithuanians, Poles, Romanians, Russians, Serbs, Slovaks, Slovenes and Sorbs.
The art of the decorated egg in Ukraine, or the pysanka, probably dates back to ancient times. No actual ancient examples exist, as eggshells are fragile.
As in many ancient cultures, Ukrainians worshipped a sun god (Dazhboh). The sun was important - it warmed the earth and thus was a source of all life. Eggs decorated with nature symbols became an integral part of spring rituals, serving as benevolent talismans.
In pre-Christian times, Dazhboh was one of the main deities in the Slavic pantheon; birds were the sun god's chosen creations, for they were the only ones who could get near him. Humans could not catch the birds, but they did manage to obtain the eggs the birds laid. Thus, the eggs were magical objects, a source of life. The egg was also honored during rite-of-Spring festivals––it represented the rebirth of the earth. The long, hard winter was over; the earth burst forth and was reborn just as the egg miraculously burst forth with life. The egg, therefore, was believed to have special powers.
With the advent of Christianity, via a process of religious syncretism, the symbolism of the egg was changed to represent, not nature's rebirth, but the rebirth of man. Christians embraced the egg symbol and likened it to the tomb from which Christ rose. With the acceptance of Christianity in 988, the decorated pysanka, in time, was adapted to play an important role in Ukrainian rituals of the new religion. Many symbols of the old sun worship survived and were adapted to represent Easter and Christ's Resurrection.
In modern times, the art of the pysanka was carried abroad by Ukrainian emigrants to North and South America, where the custom took hold, and concurrently banished in Ukraine by the Soviet regime (as a religious practice), where it was nearly forgotten. Museum collections were destroyed both by war and by Soviet russians cadres. Since Ukrainian Independence in 1991, there has been a rebirth of the art in its homeland.
No actual pysanka have been found from Ukraine's prehistoric periods, as eggshells do not preserve well. Cultic ceramic eggs have been discovered in excavations near the village of Luka Vrublivets'ka, during excavations of a Trypillian site (5th to 3rd millennium BC). These eggs were ornamented and in the form of rattles containing a small stone with which to scare evil spirits away.
Similarly, no actual pysanky from the Kievan Rus' period exist, but stone, clay and bone versions do, and have been excavated in many sites throughout Ukraine. Most common are ceramic eggs decorated with a horsetail plant pattern in yellow and bright green against a dark background. More than 70 such eggs have been excavated throughout Ukraine, many of them from graves of children and adults. They are thought to be representations of real decorated eggs.
These ceramic eggs were common in Kievan Rus', and had a characteristic style. They were slightly smaller than life size (2.5 by 4 cm, or 1 by 1.6 inches), and were created from reddish pink clays by the spiral method. The majolica glazed eggs had a brown, green or yellow background, and showed interwoven yellow and green stripes. The eggs made in large cities like Kiev and Chernihiv, which had workshops that produced clay tile and bricks; these tiles (and pysanky) were not only used locally, but were exported to Poland, and to several Scandinavian and Baltic countries.
The oldest "real" pysanka was excavated in L'viv in 2013, and was found in a rainwater collection system that dates to the 15th or 16th century. The pysanka was written on a goose egg, which was discovered largely intact, and the design is that of a wave pattern. The second oldest known pysanka was excavated in Baturyn in 2008, and dates to the end of the 17th century. Baturyn was Hetman Mazepa's capital, and it was razed in 1708 by the armies of Peter I. A complete (but crushed) pysanka was discovered, a chicken egg shell with geometric designs against a blue-gray background. The pysanka is currently being reconstructed; when completed, it will allow us to see what sort of ornamentation was in use in pre-1708 Ukraine.
The Hutsuls––Ukrainians who live in the Carpathian Mountains of western Ukraine––believe that the fate of the world depends upon the pysanka. As long as the egg decorating custom continues, the world will exist. If, for any reason, this custom is abandoned, evil––in the shape of a horrible serpent who is forever chained to a cliff–– will overrun the world. Each year the serpent sends out his minions to see how many pysanky have been created. If the number is low the serpent's chains are loosened and he is free to wander the earth causing havoc and destruction. If, on the other hand, the number of pysanky has increased, the chains are tightened and good triumphs over evil for yet another year.
Newer legends blended folklore and Christian beliefs and firmly attached the egg to the Easter celebration. One legend concerns the Virgin Mary. It tells of the time Mary gave eggs to the soldiers at the cross. She entreated them to be less cruel to her son and she wept. The tears of Mary fell upon the eggs, spotting them with dots of brilliant color.
Another legend tells of when Mary Magdalene went to the sepulchre to anoint the body of Jesus. She had with her a basket of eggs to serve as a repast. When she arrived at the sepulchre and uncovered the eggs, the pure white shells had miraculously taken on a rainbow of colors.
A common legend tells of Simon the peddler, who helped Jesus carry his cross on the way to Calvary. He had left his goods at the side of the road, and, when he returned, the eggs had all turned into intricately decorated pysanky.
МОЛИТВА О МИРЕ В УКРАИНЕ
Владыко Вседержителю, Святый Царю. Призри с небесе и виждь, како враждуют людие земли нашея и замышляют друг на друга суетное и злобное. О, Многомилостиве! Прости грехи и беззакония наша, ихже ради многия скорби, беды и устрашения приидоша на ны. Благодатию Пресвятаго Духа ороси любовию изсохшия сердца людския, тернием самолюбия, ненависти, зависти, злобы, вражды, лукавства и иных беззаконий поросшия, да возрастят горящую к Тебе и братиям своим любовь, и ею да будут истреблены вси распри, раздоры, разделения во Отечестве нашем.
Усердно молим Тя: мир державе нашей даруй, Церкви Твоей и всем людем земли нашея.
Ты бо еси Царь мира и мира Твоего несть предела и Тебе слава и благодарение и поклонение от всех да возсылается, ныне и присно и во веки веков.
International Affiliate
I have amazing news.
Yesterday I was joined as an International Affiliate to the American Psychological Association; the world's largest organization of psychologists.
This information can be confirmed for my clients and partners by calling in to Membership Department of APA at 202-336-5580, Monday-Friday from 9AM-6PM EST.
Yesterday I was joined as an International Affiliate to the American Psychological Association; the world's largest organization of psychologists.
This information can be confirmed for my clients and partners by calling in to Membership Department of APA at 202-336-5580, Monday-Friday from 9AM-6PM EST.
пятница, 18 апреля 2014 г.
Easter Saturday
Easter Saturday, or Bright Saturday, on the Christian calendar is the Saturday following the festival of Easter, the Saturday of Easter or Bright Week. In the liturgy of Western Christianity it is the last day of Easter Week, sometimes referred to as the Saturday of Easter Week or Saturday in Easter Week. In the liturgy of Eastern Christianity it is the last day of Bright Week. Easter Saturday is the day preceding the Octave Day of Easter.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church and those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow the Byzantine Rite, this day is known as "Bright Saturday", and is the last day of Bright Week. All of the services for Pascha (Easter) are repeated every day of Bright Week (georgi week Catholics and Easter), except for the hymns from the Octoechos. On Bright Friday, the Resurrection hymns from the Octoechos are taken from Tone Eight. Before the dismissal of Matins a crucession (procession headed by the cross) takes place, going three times around the outside of the temple (church building), while chanting the Paschal Canon (in parish churches, this crucession often takes place after the Divine Liturgy).
On this day, the Paschal Artos, a large loaf of leavened bread which was blessed at the end of the Paschal Vigil on Pascha (early Easter Sunday morning), is broken and distributed to the faithful. This may either be done at the end of the Divine Liturgy, and given out along with the antidoron, or it may be broken at trapeza (refectory) before the festal meal.
According to the Supplemental Book of Needs, the fracturing of the Artos is done in this way: "After the Divine Liturgy, the Artos is carried, as is customary, to the Trapeza and "Christ is risen..." is sung three times, with reverences, and after "Our Father" has been said, and having blessed the food as usual, the Deacon says: "Let us pray to the Lord", and the Brethren respond "Lord, have mercy", the Priest says the following prayer over the Artos: “O Lord Jesus Christ our God, the angelic Bread, the Bread of life eternal, Who came down from heaven and nourished us on these brightest days with the spiritual food of Thy divine benefactions for the sake of Thy three-day saving Resurrection, also now look down, we humbly pray Thee, upon our prayers and thanksgivings, and as Thou didst bless the five loaves in the wilderness, do now bless this bread, that all who eat of it may be granted corporal and spiritual blessings and health, through the grace and compassion of Thy love for mankind. For Thou art our sanctification, and unto Thee do we send up glory, together with Thine Unoriginate Father, and Thine All-holy, Good and Life-creating Spirit, now and ever, and unto ages of ages. The Brethren: Amen. Having fractured the Artos as is customary, he distributes it to everyone before the meal".
The Holy Doors in the iconostasis, which have remained open all of Bright Week are closed on this day before the beginning of the Ninth Hour. The Vespers (or All-Night Vigil, depending upon local usage) on Saturday night is chanted in the normal manner, rather than the Paschal manner. However, the Paschal troparion "Christ is risen..." is read (or chanted, if a Vigil) three times at the beginning. That Vespers is the beginning of Thomas Sunday.
Because the date of Pascha is moveable, Bright Saturday is a part of the Paschal cycle, and changes from year to year. Eastern Christianity calculates the date of Easter differently from the West.
This Day in History for 19th April
Events
65 – The freedman Milichus betrayed Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persian at Ar-Raqqah (northern Syria).
1012 – Martyrdom of Ælfheah in Greenwich, London.
1529 – Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: The Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism; a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms.
1539 – Charles V and Protestants signs Treaty of Frankfurt.
1677 – The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops.
1713 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inherited by his daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria (not actually born until 1717).
1770 – Captain James Cook sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.
1770 – Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI in a proxy wedding.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: The war begins with an American victory in Concord during the battles of Lexington and Concord.
1782 – John Adams secures the Dutch Republic's recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in The Hague, Netherlands becomes the first American embassy.
1809 – An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition. On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a First French Empire Corps led by Louis-Nicolas Davout at the Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.
1810 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparan, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a junta is installed.
1839 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guaranteeing its neutrality.
1855 – Visit of Napoleon III to Guildhall, London
1861 – American Civil War: Baltimore riot of 1861: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore, Maryland, attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.
1892 – Charles Duryea claims to have driven the first automobile in the United States, in Springfield, Massachusetts.
1897 – Léo Taxil exposes his own fabrications concerning Freemasonry
1903 – The Kishinev pogrom in Kishinev (Bessarabia) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in Palestine and the Western world.
1919 – Leslie Irvin of the United States makes the first successful voluntary free-fall parachute jump using a new kind of self-contained parachute.
1927 – Mae West is sentenced to ten days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex.
1928 – The 125th and final fascicle of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.
1942 – World War II: In Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski ghetto is established, situated between the Lublin Ghetto and a Majdanek subcamp.
1943 – World War II: In Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins, after German troops enter the Warsaw ghetto to round up the remaining Jews.
1945 – Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Guatemala are established.
1948 – Burma joins the United Nations.
1950 – Argentina becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
1951 – General Douglas MacArthur retires from the military.
1954 – The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan recognises Urdu and Bengali as the national languages of Pakistan.
1956 – Actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier of Monaco.
1960 – Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.
1971 – Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president.
1971 – Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans Against the War begin a five-day demonstration in Washington, D.C..
1971 – Launch of Salyut 1, the first space station.
1971 – Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted life imprisonment) for conspiracy to commit the Tate/LaBianca murders.
1973 – The Portuguese Socialist Party is founded in the German town of Bad Münstereifel.
1975 – India's first satellite, Aryabhata, is launched.
1984 – Advance Australia Fair is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.
1985 – FBI siege on the compound of The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSAL) in Arkansas.
1985 – U.S.S.R performs nuclear tests at Eastern Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk.
1987 – The Simpsons premieres as a short cartoon on The Tracey Ullman Show.
1989 – A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors.
1993 – The 51-day siege of the Branch Davidian building outside Waco, Texas, USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Eighty-one people die.
1993 – South Dakota governor George Mickelson and seven others are killed when a state-owned aircraft crashes in Iowa.
1995 – Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, is bombed, killing 168.
1997 – The Red River Flood of 1997 overwhelms the city of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Fire breaks out and spreads in downtown Grand Forks, but high water levels hamper efforts to reach the fire, leading to the destruction of 11 buildings.
1999 – The German Bundestag returns to Berlin, the first German parliamentary body to meet there since the Reichstag was dissolved in 1933.
2011 – Fidel Castro resigns from the Communist Party of Cuba's central committee after 45 years of holding the title.
2013 – Boston Marathon bombings suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev killed in a shootout with police. His brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is captured while hiding in a boat inside a backyard in Watertown, Massachusetts.
***
Births
626 – Eanflæd, English daughter of Edwin of Northumbria (d. 685)
1603 – Michel Le Tellier, French politician (d. 1685)
1613 – Christoph Bach, German pianist (d. 1661)
1658 – Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, German husband of Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria (d. 1716)
1660 – Sebastián Durón, Spanish composer (d. 1716)
1665 – Jacques Lelong, French author (d. 1721)
1686 – Vasily Tatishchev, Russian ethnographer and politician (d. 1750)
1715 – James Nares, English organist and composer (d. 1783)
1721 – Roger Sherman, American lawyer and politician (d. 1793)
1734 – Karl von Ordóñez, Austrian composer (d. 1786)
1757 – Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, English admiral (d. 1833)
1758 – William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk, Scottish admiral (d. 1831)
1785 – Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French pianist and composer (d. 1858)
1787 – Deaf Smith, American soldier (d. 1837)
1793 – Ferdinand I of Austria (d. 1875)
1814 – Louis Amédée Achard, French author (d. 1875)
1832 – José Echegaray, Spanish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
1835 – Julius Krohn, Finnish poet, journalist and poetry researcher (d. 1888)
1874 – Ernst Rüdin, Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist (d. 1952)
1877 – Ole Evinrude, Norwegian-American inventor, invented the outboard motor (d. 1934)
1882 – Getúlio Vargas, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 14th President of Brazil (d. 1954)
1883 – Henry Jameson, American soccer player (d. 1938)
1883 – Richard von Mises, Austrian-American mathematician (d. 1953)
1885 – Karl Tarvas, Estonian architect (d. 1975)
1889 – Otto Georg Thierack, German jurist and politician (d. 1946)
1891 – Françoise Rosay, French actress and singer (d. 1974)
1892 – Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (d. 1983)
1894 – Elizabeth Dilling, American author and activist (d. 1966)
1897 – Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1970)
1897 – Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese supercentenarian and oldest man ever (d. 2013)
1897 – Constance Talmadge, American actress (d. 1973)
1899 – George O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985)
1900 – Richard Hughes, English author, poet, and playwright (d. 1976)
1900 – Roland Michener, Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Governor General of Canada (d. 1991)
1902 – Veniamin Kaverin, Russian author (d. 1989)
1903 – Eliot Ness, American lawman (d. 1957)
1907 – Alan Wheatley, English actor (d. 1991)
1912 – Glenn Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
1917 – Sven Hassel, Danish-German soldier and author (d. 2012)
1919 – Sol Kaplan, American film and television composer (d. 1990)
1920 – Gene Leis, American guitarist, composer, and producer (d. 1993)
1920 – John O'Neil, American baseball player and manager (d. 2012)
1920 – Julien Ries, Belgian cardinal (d. 2013)
1921 – Anna Lee Aldred, American jockey (d. 2006)
1922 – Erich Hartmann, German pilot (d. 1993)
1925 – John Kraaijkamp, Sr., Dutch actor (d. 2011)
1925 – Hugh O'Brian, American actor
1926 – Rawya Ateya, Egyptian politician (d. 1997)
1927 – Kenneth, American hairdresser (d. 2013)
1928 – John Horlock, British professor of mechanical engineering
1928 – Alexis Korner, French-English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Blues Incorporated and Collective Consciousness Society) (d. 1984)
1930 – Ewan Jamieson, New Zealand commander (d. 2013)
1930 – Dick Sargent, American actor (d. 1994)
1931 – Garfield Morgan, English actor (d. 2009)
1931 – Walter Stewart, Canadian journalist and author (d. 2004)
1932 – Fernando Botero, Colombian painter and sculptor
1933 – Dickie Bird, English cricketer and umpire
1933 – Jayne Mansfield, American model, actress, and singer (d. 1967)
1933 – Philip Lavallin Wroughton, Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire
1934 – Dickie Goodman, American record producer (d. 1989)
1935 – Dudley Moore, English-American actor, screenwriter, and composer (d. 2002)
1935 – Justin Francis Rigali, American cardinal
1936 – Wilfried Martens, Belgian politician, 60th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2013)
1936 – Jack Pardee, American football player and coach (d. 2013)
1937 – Antonio Carluccio, Italian chef, restaurateur, broadcaster and author
1937 – Elinor Donahue, American actress
1937 – Joseph Estrada, Filipino actor, producer, and politician, 13th President of the Philippines
1938 – Stanley Fish, American academic and scholar
1939 – E. Clay Shaw, Jr., American accountant and politician (d. 2013)
1940 – Dougal Haston, Scottish mountaineer (d. 1977)
1940 – Genya Ravan, American singer-songwriter and producer (Goldie & the Gingerbreads and Ten Wheel Drive)
1941 – Priit Aimla, Estonian author, poet, and playwright
1941 – Roberto Carlos, Brazilian singer-songwriter and actor
1941 – Bobby Russell, American singer-songwriter (d. 1992)
1941 – Michel Roux, French chef and restaurateur, broadcaster
1942 – Bas Jan Ader, Dutch-American photographer and director (d. 1975)
1942 – Alan Price, English keyboard player and songwriter (The Animals)
1942 – Jack Roush, American businessman, founded Roush Fenway Racing
1942 – Maarten van den Bergh, Dutch businessman
1943 – Eve Graham, Scottish singer (The New Seekers)
1943 – Margo MacDonald Scottish politician (d. 2014)
1943 – Lorenzo Sanz, Spanish businessman
1944 – Keith Erickson, American basketball player and sportscaster
1944 – James Heckman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
1944 – Bernie Worrell, American keyboardist and songwriter (Parliament-Funkadelic, Praxis, and Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains)
1946 – Tim Curry, English actor and singer
1946 – Mary Jo Slater, American casting director and producer
1947 – Murray Perahia, American pianist and conductor
1947 – Wilfrid Stevenson, Baron Stevenson of Balmacara
1947 – Mark Volman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Turtles, Flo & Eddie, and The Mothers of Invention)
1948 – Stuart McLean, Canadian radio host and author
1948 – Rick Miller, American baseball player and manager
1949 – Paloma Picasso, French-Spanish fashion designer
1949 – Larry Walters, American truck driver and pilot (d. 1993)
1950 – Julia Cleverdon, British chief executive of the charity Business in the Community
1951 – Barry Brown, American actor and playwright (d. 1978)
1951 – Jóannes Eidesgaard, Faroese educator and politician, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
1952 – Alexis Argüello, Nicaraguan boxer and politician (d. 2009)
1952 – Tony Plana, Cuban-American actor and director
1952 – Michael Trend, British politician
1953 – Rod Morgenstein, American drummer (Winger, Dixie Dregs, Platypus, and The Jelly Jam)
1953 – Ruby Wax, American-English comedian and actress
1954 – Trevor Francis, English footballer and manager
1954 – Bob Rock, Canadian guitarist, songwriter, and producer (Payolas)
1956 – Sue Barker, English tennis player and journalist
1956 – Randy Carlyle, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1957 – Mukesh Ambani, Indian businessman
1957 – Tony Martin, English singer-songwriter (Black Sabbath, Giuntini Project, and Empire)
1958 – Steve Antin, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1958 – Denis O'Brien, Irish businessman, founded BT Ireland
1959 – Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton, British Commissioner of the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)
1959 – Donald Markwell, Australian sociologist and educator
1960 – Nicoletta Braschi, Italian actress and producer
1960 – Ara Gevorgyan, Armenian pianist, composer, and producer
1960 – Roger Merrett, Australian footballer and coach
1960 – John Schweitz, American basketball player and coach
1960 – Frank Viola, American baseball player and coach
1961 – Richard Foltz, American-Canadian scholar
1961 – Spike Owen, American baseball player and coach
1962 – Al Unser, Jr., American race car driver
1964 – Gordon Marshall, Scottish footballer and coach
1965 – Natalie Dessay, French soprano
1965 – Suge Knight, American record producer, co-founded Death Row Records
1966 – Véronique Gens, French soprano
1966 – Brett J. Gladman, Canadian astronomer
1966 – David La Haye, Canadian actor
1966 – Julia Neigel, Russian-German singer-songwriter and producer
1966 – El Samurai, Japanese wrestler
1967 – Philippe Saint-André, French rugby player and coach
1967 – Steven H Silver, American journalist and author
1967 – Dar Williams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Cry Cry Cry)
1968 – Mswati III of Swaziland
1968 – Ashley Judd, American actress
1968 – Pascal Kleiman, Spanish DJ, songwriter, and producer
1968 – Arshad Warsi, Indian actor, singer, and producer
1969 – Andrew Carnie, Canadian-American educator and author
1969 – Jesse James, American motorcycle builder, founded West Coast Choppers
1969 – Susan Polgar, Hungarian-American chess player
1970 – Kelly Holmes, English runner
1970 – Luis Miguel, Mexican singer-songwriter and producer
1971 – Gad Elmaleh, Moroccan-French comedian and actor
1972 – Rivaldo, Brazilian footballer
1972 – Jeff Wilkins, American football player
1973 – George Gregan, Zambian-Australian rugby player and coach
1973 – Alessio Scarpi, Italian footballer
1974 – Akara Amarttayakul, Thai actor
1975 – Jason Gillespie, Australian cricketer and coach
1975 – Jussi Jääskeläinen, Finnish footballer
1976 – Ruud Jolie, Dutch guitarist (Within Temptation)
1976 – Scott Padgett, American basketball player, coach, and radio host
1976 – Kim Young-oh, South Korean illustrator
1977 – Joe Beimel, American baseball player
1977 – Lucien Mettomo, Cameroonian footballer
1977 – Dennys Reyes, Mexican baseball player
1977 – Jonny Storm, English wrestler
1978 – James Franco, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1978 – Gabriel Heinze, Argentinian footballer
1978 – Amanda Sage, American-Austrian painter
1979 – Rocky Bernard, American football player
1979 – Kate Hudson, American actress and singer
1979 – Zhao Junzhe, Chinese footballer
1979 – Nicole Raczynski, American wrestler
1979 – Antoaneta Stefanova, Bulgarian chess player
1980 – Jason Blaine, Canadian singer-songwriter
1980 – Robyn Regehr, Brazilian-Canadian ice hockey player
1980 – Alexis Thorpe, American actress
1981 – Hayden Christensen, Canadian actor
1981 – Ryuta Hara, Japanese footballer
1981 – Martin Havlát, Czech ice hockey player
1981 – Kasie Head, American model, Miss Oklahoma USA 2002
1981 – James Hibberd, English cricketer
1981 – Napakpapha Nakprasitte, Thai actress
1981 – Troy Polamalu, American football player
1981 – Catalina Sandino Moreno, Colombian actress
1982 – Joseph Hagerty, American gymnast
1982 – Rocco Sabato, Italian footballer
1982 – Ignacio Serricchio, Argentinian-American actor
1982 – Sitiveni Sivivatu, New Zealand rugby player
1983 – Alberto Callaspo, Venezuelan-American baseball player
1983 – Zach Duke, American baseball player
1983 – Joe Mauer, American baseball player
1983 – Patrick Platins, German footballer
1983 – Curtis Thigpen, American baseball player
1984 – Lee Da-hae, South Korean actress
1984 – Christopher Pearce, English cricketer
1985 – Valon Behrami, Swiss footballer
1985 – Jan Zimmermann, German footballer
1986 – Maxine, American wrestler and model
1986 – Pascal Angan, Beninese footballer
1986 – Heather Kuzmich, American model
1986 – Zhou Mi, Chinese singer-songwriter and actor (Super Junior-M)
1986 – Candace Parker, American basketball player
1986 – Gabe Pruitt, American basketball player
1986 – Will Thursfield, English-Australian footballer
1987 – Oksana Akinshina, Russian actress
1987 – David Cavazos, Mexican singer-songwriter
1987 – Luigi Giorgi, Italian footballer
1987 – Joe Hart, English footballer
1987 – Courtland Mead, American actor
1987 – Daniel Schuhmacher, German singer-songwriter
1987 – Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player
1987 – Lauren Wilson, Canadian figure skater
1988 – Enrique Esqueda Mexican footballer
1988 – Haruna Kojima, Japanese actress and singer (AKB48 and no3b)
1988 – Saya Yūki, Japanese actress
1989 – Dominik Mader, German footballer
1989 – Belinda Owusu, English actress
1989 – Daisuke Watabe, Japanese footballer
1990 – Himchan, South Korean singer and dancer (B.A.P)
1990 – Jackie Bradley, Jr., American baseball player
1990 – Kim Chiu, Filipino actress
1990 – Héctor Miguel Herrera, Mexican footballer
1990 – Damien Le Tallec, French footballer
1990 – Teo Olivares, American actor
1990 – Patrick Wiegers, German footballer
1991 – Steve Cook, English footballer
1991 – Kelly Olynyk, Canadian basketball player
1992 – Paul-Jose M'Poku, Belgian footballer
1993 – Sebastian de Souza, English actor
1994 – Lee Areum, South Korean singer (T-ara)
1995 – Akira Saitō, Japanese actress
***
Deaths
1012 – Ælfheah of Canterbury, English archbishop (b. 954)
1054 – Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
1321 – Patriarch Gerasimus I of Constantinople
1390 – Robert II of Scotland (b. 1316)
1560 – Philipp Melanchthon, German theologian and reformer (b. 1497)
1567 – Michael Stifel, German monk and mathematician (b. 1487)
1578 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese daimyo (b. 1530)
1588 – Paolo Veronese, Italian painter (b. 1528)
1608 – Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English politician (b. 1536)
1618 – Thomas Bastard, English clergyman (b. 1566)
1627 – Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet, English poet (b. 1583)
1629 – Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer (b. 1582)
1686 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish historian and playwright (b. 1610)
1689 – Christina, Queen of Sweden (b. 1626)
1733 – Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney (b. 1655)
1739 – Nicholas Saunderson, English mathematician (b. 1682)
1768 – Canaletto, Italian painter (b. 1697)
1776 – Jacob Emden, German rabbi and talmudist (b. 1697)
1791 – Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (b. 1723)
1813 – Benjamin Rush, American physician and educator (b. 1745)
1824 – Lord Byron, English-Scottish poet (b. 1788)
1831 – Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1765)
1833 – James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier, Bahamian-English admiral (b. 1756)
1840 – Jean-Jacques Lartigue, Canadian bishop (b. 1777)
1854 – Robert Jameson, Scottish mineralogist (b. 1774)
1881 – Benjamin Disraeli, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
1882 – Charles Darwin, English biologist and theorist (b. 1809)
1892 – Thomas Pelham Dale, English clergyman (b. 1821)
1893 – Martin Körber, Baltic German pastor, writer, composer and choral conductor (b. 1817)
1901 – Alfred Horatio Belo, American publisher, founded The Dallas Morning News (b. 1839)
1906 – Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
1906 – Spencer Gore, English tennis player and cricketer (b. 1850)
1914 – Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher and mathematician (b. 1839)
1916 – Ephraim Shay, American engineer, designed the Shay locomotive (b. 1839)
1926 – Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov, Russian statistician (b. 1874)
1930 – Georges-Casimir Dessaulles, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1827)
1937 – Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington, English cartographer and politician (b. 1856)
1937 – William Morton Wheeler, American entomologist (b. 1865)
1941 – Johanna Müller-Hermann, Austrian composer (b. 1878)
1949 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
1950 – Ernst Robert Curtius, French-German philologist and scholar (b. 1886)
1955 – Jim Corbett, Indian conservationist, colonel, and author (b. 1875)
1958 – Artur Kukk, Estonian wrestler (b. 1899)
1960 – Beardsley Ruml, American economist (b. 1894)
1961 – Max Hainle, German swimmer (b. 1882)
1966 – Eduards Smiļģis, Latvian actor and director (b. 1886)
1966 – Javier Solís, Mexican singer and actor (b. 1931)
1967 – Konrad Adenauer, German politician, 1st Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
1975 – Percy Lavon Julian, American chemist (b. 1899)
1988 – Kwon Ki-ok, North Korean pilot (b. 1901)
1989 – Daphne du Maurier, English author and playwright (b. 1907)
1991 – Stanley Hawes, English-Australian director and producer (b. 1905)
1992 – Frankie Howerd, English actor (b. 1917)
1993 – David Koresh, American religious leader (b. 1959)
1993 – George S. Mickelson, American politician, 28th Governor of South Dakota (b. 1941)
1993 – Timos Perlegas, Greek actor (b. 1938)
1993 – Joseph Wallace, American murder victim (b. 1990)
1996 – John Martin Scripps, English murderer (b. 1959)
1997 – Eldon Hoke, American singer and drummer (The Mentors and The Screamers) (b. 1958)
1998 – Octavio Paz, Mexican poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
1999 – Hermine Braunsteiner, Austrian-German SS officer (b. 1919)
1999 – David Sanes, American security guard (b. 1954)
2000 – Louis Applebaum, Canadian composer and conductor (b. 1918)
2001 – Meldrim Thomson, Jr.. American politician, 73rd Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1912)
2003 – Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Indian-English caliph (b. 1928)
2004 – Norris McWhirter, English author and activist co-founded the Guinness World Records (b. 1925)
2004 – John Maynard Smith, English biologist (b. 1920)
2005 – George P. Cosmatos, Italian-Greek director and screenwriter (b. 1941)
2005 – Ruth Hussey, American actress (b. 1911)
2005 – Clement Meadmore, Australian-American sculptor (b. 1929)
2005 – Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Danish bassist and composer (b. 1946)
2006 – Albert Scott Crossfield, American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1921)
2007 – Jean-Pierre Cassel, French actor (b. 1932)
2007 – Helen Walton, American businesswomen (b. 1919)
2008 – John Marzano, American baseball player (b. 1963)
2008 – Alfonso López Trujillo, Colombian cardinal (b. 1935)
2009 – J. G. Ballard, Chinese-English author (b. 1930)
2010 – Guru, American rapper, producer, and actor (Gang Starr) (b. 1961)
2010 – Edwin Valero, Venezuelan boxer (b. 1981)
2010 – Carl Williams, Australian murderer and drug trafficker (b. 1970)
2011 – Elisabeth Sladen, English actress (b. 1946)
2012 – Leopold David de Rothschild, English financier and philanthropist (b. 1927)
2012 – Greg Ham, Australian saxophonist, songwriter, and actor (Men at Work) (b. 1953)
2012 – Levon Helm, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (The Band) (b. 1940)
2012 – Murtaza Razvi, Pakistani journalist (b. 1964)
2012 – Valeri Vasiliev, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1949)
2013 – Sivanthi Adithan, Indian businessman (b. 1936)
2013 – Kenneth Appel, American mathematician (b. 1932)
2013 – Allan Arbus, American actor (b. 1918)
2013 – Mike Denness, Scottish-English cricketer and referee (b. 1940)
2013 – Patrick Garland, English actor and director (b. 1935)
2013 – Aishah Ghani, Malaysian politician (b. 1923)
2013 – Robert Holding, American businessman (b. 1926)
2013 – François Jacob, French biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
2013 – Thomas Joseph Kelly, American horse trainer (b. 1919)
2013 – E. L. Konigsburg, American author and illustrator (b. 1930)
2013 – Al Neuharth, American journalist, author, and publisher, founded USA Today (b. 1924)
65 – The freedman Milichus betrayed Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persian at Ar-Raqqah (northern Syria).
1012 – Martyrdom of Ælfheah in Greenwich, London.
1529 – Beginning of the Protestant Reformation: The Second Diet of Speyer bans Lutheranism; a group of rulers (German: Fürst) and independent cities (German: Reichsstadt) protests the reinstatement of the Edict of Worms.
1539 – Charles V and Protestants signs Treaty of Frankfurt.
1677 – The French army captures the town of Cambrai held by Spanish troops.
1713 – With no living male heirs, Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, issues the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 to ensure that Habsburg lands and the Austrian throne would be inherited by his daughter, Maria Theresa of Austria (not actually born until 1717).
1770 – Captain James Cook sights the eastern coast of what is now Australia.
1770 – Marie Antoinette marries Louis XVI in a proxy wedding.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: The war begins with an American victory in Concord during the battles of Lexington and Concord.
1782 – John Adams secures the Dutch Republic's recognition of the United States as an independent government. The house which he had purchased in The Hague, Netherlands becomes the first American embassy.
1809 – An Austrian corps is defeated by the forces of the Duchy of Warsaw in the Battle of Raszyn, part of the struggles of the Fifth Coalition. On the same day the Austrian main army is defeated by a First French Empire Corps led by Louis-Nicolas Davout at the Battle of Teugen-Hausen in Bavaria, part of a four-day campaign that ended in a French victory.
1810 – Venezuela achieves home rule: Vicente Emparan, Governor of the Captaincy General is removed by the people of Caracas and a junta is installed.
1839 – The Treaty of London establishes Belgium as a kingdom and guaranteeing its neutrality.
1855 – Visit of Napoleon III to Guildhall, London
1861 – American Civil War: Baltimore riot of 1861: A pro-Secession mob in Baltimore, Maryland, attacks United States Army troops marching through the city.
1892 – Charles Duryea claims to have driven the first automobile in the United States, in Springfield, Massachusetts.
1897 – Léo Taxil exposes his own fabrications concerning Freemasonry
1903 – The Kishinev pogrom in Kishinev (Bessarabia) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews to later seek refuge in Palestine and the Western world.
1919 – Leslie Irvin of the United States makes the first successful voluntary free-fall parachute jump using a new kind of self-contained parachute.
1927 – Mae West is sentenced to ten days in jail for obscenity for her play Sex.
1928 – The 125th and final fascicle of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.
1942 – World War II: In Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski ghetto is established, situated between the Lublin Ghetto and a Majdanek subcamp.
1943 – World War II: In Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins, after German troops enter the Warsaw ghetto to round up the remaining Jews.
1945 – Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Guatemala are established.
1948 – Burma joins the United Nations.
1950 – Argentina becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.
1951 – General Douglas MacArthur retires from the military.
1954 – The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan recognises Urdu and Bengali as the national languages of Pakistan.
1956 – Actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier of Monaco.
1960 – Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign.
1971 – Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president.
1971 – Vietnam War: Vietnam Veterans Against the War begin a five-day demonstration in Washington, D.C..
1971 – Launch of Salyut 1, the first space station.
1971 – Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted life imprisonment) for conspiracy to commit the Tate/LaBianca murders.
1973 – The Portuguese Socialist Party is founded in the German town of Bad Münstereifel.
1975 – India's first satellite, Aryabhata, is launched.
1984 – Advance Australia Fair is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours.
1985 – FBI siege on the compound of The Covenant, The Sword, and the Arm of the Lord (CSAL) in Arkansas.
1985 – U.S.S.R performs nuclear tests at Eastern Kazakhstan/Semipalatinsk.
1987 – The Simpsons premieres as a short cartoon on The Tracey Ullman Show.
1989 – A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors.
1993 – The 51-day siege of the Branch Davidian building outside Waco, Texas, USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Eighty-one people die.
1993 – South Dakota governor George Mickelson and seven others are killed when a state-owned aircraft crashes in Iowa.
1995 – Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA, is bombed, killing 168.
1997 – The Red River Flood of 1997 overwhelms the city of Grand Forks, North Dakota. Fire breaks out and spreads in downtown Grand Forks, but high water levels hamper efforts to reach the fire, leading to the destruction of 11 buildings.
1999 – The German Bundestag returns to Berlin, the first German parliamentary body to meet there since the Reichstag was dissolved in 1933.
2011 – Fidel Castro resigns from the Communist Party of Cuba's central committee after 45 years of holding the title.
2013 – Boston Marathon bombings suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev killed in a shootout with police. His brother Dzhokhar Tsarnaev is captured while hiding in a boat inside a backyard in Watertown, Massachusetts.
***
Births
626 – Eanflæd, English daughter of Edwin of Northumbria (d. 685)
1603 – Michel Le Tellier, French politician (d. 1685)
1613 – Christoph Bach, German pianist (d. 1661)
1658 – Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine, German husband of Archduchess Maria Anna Josepha of Austria (d. 1716)
1660 – Sebastián Durón, Spanish composer (d. 1716)
1665 – Jacques Lelong, French author (d. 1721)
1686 – Vasily Tatishchev, Russian ethnographer and politician (d. 1750)
1715 – James Nares, English organist and composer (d. 1783)
1721 – Roger Sherman, American lawyer and politician (d. 1793)
1734 – Karl von Ordóñez, Austrian composer (d. 1786)
1757 – Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth, English admiral (d. 1833)
1758 – William Carnegie, 7th Earl of Northesk, Scottish admiral (d. 1831)
1785 – Alexandre Pierre François Boëly, French pianist and composer (d. 1858)
1787 – Deaf Smith, American soldier (d. 1837)
1793 – Ferdinand I of Austria (d. 1875)
1814 – Louis Amédée Achard, French author (d. 1875)
1832 – José Echegaray, Spanish poet and playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1916)
1835 – Julius Krohn, Finnish poet, journalist and poetry researcher (d. 1888)
1874 – Ernst Rüdin, Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist, and eugenicist (d. 1952)
1877 – Ole Evinrude, Norwegian-American inventor, invented the outboard motor (d. 1934)
1882 – Getúlio Vargas, Brazilian lawyer and politician, 14th President of Brazil (d. 1954)
1883 – Henry Jameson, American soccer player (d. 1938)
1883 – Richard von Mises, Austrian-American mathematician (d. 1953)
1885 – Karl Tarvas, Estonian architect (d. 1975)
1889 – Otto Georg Thierack, German jurist and politician (d. 1946)
1891 – Françoise Rosay, French actress and singer (d. 1974)
1892 – Germaine Tailleferre, French composer (d. 1983)
1894 – Elizabeth Dilling, American author and activist (d. 1966)
1897 – Peter de Noronha, Indian businessman and philanthropist (d. 1970)
1897 – Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese supercentenarian and oldest man ever (d. 2013)
1897 – Constance Talmadge, American actress (d. 1973)
1899 – George O'Brien, American actor (d. 1985)
1900 – Richard Hughes, English author, poet, and playwright (d. 1976)
1900 – Roland Michener, Canadian lawyer and politician, 20th Governor General of Canada (d. 1991)
1902 – Veniamin Kaverin, Russian author (d. 1989)
1903 – Eliot Ness, American lawman (d. 1957)
1907 – Alan Wheatley, English actor (d. 1991)
1912 – Glenn Seaborg, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999)
1917 – Sven Hassel, Danish-German soldier and author (d. 2012)
1919 – Sol Kaplan, American film and television composer (d. 1990)
1920 – Gene Leis, American guitarist, composer, and producer (d. 1993)
1920 – John O'Neil, American baseball player and manager (d. 2012)
1920 – Julien Ries, Belgian cardinal (d. 2013)
1921 – Anna Lee Aldred, American jockey (d. 2006)
1922 – Erich Hartmann, German pilot (d. 1993)
1925 – John Kraaijkamp, Sr., Dutch actor (d. 2011)
1925 – Hugh O'Brian, American actor
1926 – Rawya Ateya, Egyptian politician (d. 1997)
1927 – Kenneth, American hairdresser (d. 2013)
1928 – John Horlock, British professor of mechanical engineering
1928 – Alexis Korner, French-English singer-songwriter and guitarist (Blues Incorporated and Collective Consciousness Society) (d. 1984)
1930 – Ewan Jamieson, New Zealand commander (d. 2013)
1930 – Dick Sargent, American actor (d. 1994)
1931 – Garfield Morgan, English actor (d. 2009)
1931 – Walter Stewart, Canadian journalist and author (d. 2004)
1932 – Fernando Botero, Colombian painter and sculptor
1933 – Dickie Bird, English cricketer and umpire
1933 – Jayne Mansfield, American model, actress, and singer (d. 1967)
1933 – Philip Lavallin Wroughton, Lord Lieutenant of Berkshire
1934 – Dickie Goodman, American record producer (d. 1989)
1935 – Dudley Moore, English-American actor, screenwriter, and composer (d. 2002)
1935 – Justin Francis Rigali, American cardinal
1936 – Wilfried Martens, Belgian politician, 60th Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 2013)
1936 – Jack Pardee, American football player and coach (d. 2013)
1937 – Antonio Carluccio, Italian chef, restaurateur, broadcaster and author
1937 – Elinor Donahue, American actress
1937 – Joseph Estrada, Filipino actor, producer, and politician, 13th President of the Philippines
1938 – Stanley Fish, American academic and scholar
1939 – E. Clay Shaw, Jr., American accountant and politician (d. 2013)
1940 – Dougal Haston, Scottish mountaineer (d. 1977)
1940 – Genya Ravan, American singer-songwriter and producer (Goldie & the Gingerbreads and Ten Wheel Drive)
1941 – Priit Aimla, Estonian author, poet, and playwright
1941 – Roberto Carlos, Brazilian singer-songwriter and actor
1941 – Bobby Russell, American singer-songwriter (d. 1992)
1941 – Michel Roux, French chef and restaurateur, broadcaster
1942 – Bas Jan Ader, Dutch-American photographer and director (d. 1975)
1942 – Alan Price, English keyboard player and songwriter (The Animals)
1942 – Jack Roush, American businessman, founded Roush Fenway Racing
1942 – Maarten van den Bergh, Dutch businessman
1943 – Eve Graham, Scottish singer (The New Seekers)
1943 – Margo MacDonald Scottish politician (d. 2014)
1943 – Lorenzo Sanz, Spanish businessman
1944 – Keith Erickson, American basketball player and sportscaster
1944 – James Heckman, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate
1944 – Bernie Worrell, American keyboardist and songwriter (Parliament-Funkadelic, Praxis, and Colonel Claypool's Bucket of Bernie Brains)
1946 – Tim Curry, English actor and singer
1946 – Mary Jo Slater, American casting director and producer
1947 – Murray Perahia, American pianist and conductor
1947 – Wilfrid Stevenson, Baron Stevenson of Balmacara
1947 – Mark Volman, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (The Turtles, Flo & Eddie, and The Mothers of Invention)
1948 – Stuart McLean, Canadian radio host and author
1948 – Rick Miller, American baseball player and manager
1949 – Paloma Picasso, French-Spanish fashion designer
1949 – Larry Walters, American truck driver and pilot (d. 1993)
1950 – Julia Cleverdon, British chief executive of the charity Business in the Community
1951 – Barry Brown, American actor and playwright (d. 1978)
1951 – Jóannes Eidesgaard, Faroese educator and politician, Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
1952 – Alexis Argüello, Nicaraguan boxer and politician (d. 2009)
1952 – Tony Plana, Cuban-American actor and director
1952 – Michael Trend, British politician
1953 – Rod Morgenstein, American drummer (Winger, Dixie Dregs, Platypus, and The Jelly Jam)
1953 – Ruby Wax, American-English comedian and actress
1954 – Trevor Francis, English footballer and manager
1954 – Bob Rock, Canadian guitarist, songwriter, and producer (Payolas)
1956 – Sue Barker, English tennis player and journalist
1956 – Randy Carlyle, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
1957 – Mukesh Ambani, Indian businessman
1957 – Tony Martin, English singer-songwriter (Black Sabbath, Giuntini Project, and Empire)
1958 – Steve Antin, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1958 – Denis O'Brien, Irish businessman, founded BT Ireland
1959 – Jane Campbell, Baroness Campbell of Surbiton, British Commissioner of the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)
1959 – Donald Markwell, Australian sociologist and educator
1960 – Nicoletta Braschi, Italian actress and producer
1960 – Ara Gevorgyan, Armenian pianist, composer, and producer
1960 – Roger Merrett, Australian footballer and coach
1960 – John Schweitz, American basketball player and coach
1960 – Frank Viola, American baseball player and coach
1961 – Richard Foltz, American-Canadian scholar
1961 – Spike Owen, American baseball player and coach
1962 – Al Unser, Jr., American race car driver
1964 – Gordon Marshall, Scottish footballer and coach
1965 – Natalie Dessay, French soprano
1965 – Suge Knight, American record producer, co-founded Death Row Records
1966 – Véronique Gens, French soprano
1966 – Brett J. Gladman, Canadian astronomer
1966 – David La Haye, Canadian actor
1966 – Julia Neigel, Russian-German singer-songwriter and producer
1966 – El Samurai, Japanese wrestler
1967 – Philippe Saint-André, French rugby player and coach
1967 – Steven H Silver, American journalist and author
1967 – Dar Williams, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (Cry Cry Cry)
1968 – Mswati III of Swaziland
1968 – Ashley Judd, American actress
1968 – Pascal Kleiman, Spanish DJ, songwriter, and producer
1968 – Arshad Warsi, Indian actor, singer, and producer
1969 – Andrew Carnie, Canadian-American educator and author
1969 – Jesse James, American motorcycle builder, founded West Coast Choppers
1969 – Susan Polgar, Hungarian-American chess player
1970 – Kelly Holmes, English runner
1970 – Luis Miguel, Mexican singer-songwriter and producer
1971 – Gad Elmaleh, Moroccan-French comedian and actor
1972 – Rivaldo, Brazilian footballer
1972 – Jeff Wilkins, American football player
1973 – George Gregan, Zambian-Australian rugby player and coach
1973 – Alessio Scarpi, Italian footballer
1974 – Akara Amarttayakul, Thai actor
1975 – Jason Gillespie, Australian cricketer and coach
1975 – Jussi Jääskeläinen, Finnish footballer
1976 – Ruud Jolie, Dutch guitarist (Within Temptation)
1976 – Scott Padgett, American basketball player, coach, and radio host
1976 – Kim Young-oh, South Korean illustrator
1977 – Joe Beimel, American baseball player
1977 – Lucien Mettomo, Cameroonian footballer
1977 – Dennys Reyes, Mexican baseball player
1977 – Jonny Storm, English wrestler
1978 – James Franco, American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter
1978 – Gabriel Heinze, Argentinian footballer
1978 – Amanda Sage, American-Austrian painter
1979 – Rocky Bernard, American football player
1979 – Kate Hudson, American actress and singer
1979 – Zhao Junzhe, Chinese footballer
1979 – Nicole Raczynski, American wrestler
1979 – Antoaneta Stefanova, Bulgarian chess player
1980 – Jason Blaine, Canadian singer-songwriter
1980 – Robyn Regehr, Brazilian-Canadian ice hockey player
1980 – Alexis Thorpe, American actress
1981 – Hayden Christensen, Canadian actor
1981 – Ryuta Hara, Japanese footballer
1981 – Martin Havlát, Czech ice hockey player
1981 – Kasie Head, American model, Miss Oklahoma USA 2002
1981 – James Hibberd, English cricketer
1981 – Napakpapha Nakprasitte, Thai actress
1981 – Troy Polamalu, American football player
1981 – Catalina Sandino Moreno, Colombian actress
1982 – Joseph Hagerty, American gymnast
1982 – Rocco Sabato, Italian footballer
1982 – Ignacio Serricchio, Argentinian-American actor
1982 – Sitiveni Sivivatu, New Zealand rugby player
1983 – Alberto Callaspo, Venezuelan-American baseball player
1983 – Zach Duke, American baseball player
1983 – Joe Mauer, American baseball player
1983 – Patrick Platins, German footballer
1983 – Curtis Thigpen, American baseball player
1984 – Lee Da-hae, South Korean actress
1984 – Christopher Pearce, English cricketer
1985 – Valon Behrami, Swiss footballer
1985 – Jan Zimmermann, German footballer
1986 – Maxine, American wrestler and model
1986 – Pascal Angan, Beninese footballer
1986 – Heather Kuzmich, American model
1986 – Zhou Mi, Chinese singer-songwriter and actor (Super Junior-M)
1986 – Candace Parker, American basketball player
1986 – Gabe Pruitt, American basketball player
1986 – Will Thursfield, English-Australian footballer
1987 – Oksana Akinshina, Russian actress
1987 – David Cavazos, Mexican singer-songwriter
1987 – Luigi Giorgi, Italian footballer
1987 – Joe Hart, English footballer
1987 – Courtland Mead, American actor
1987 – Daniel Schuhmacher, German singer-songwriter
1987 – Maria Sharapova, Russian tennis player
1987 – Lauren Wilson, Canadian figure skater
1988 – Enrique Esqueda Mexican footballer
1988 – Haruna Kojima, Japanese actress and singer (AKB48 and no3b)
1988 – Saya Yūki, Japanese actress
1989 – Dominik Mader, German footballer
1989 – Belinda Owusu, English actress
1989 – Daisuke Watabe, Japanese footballer
1990 – Himchan, South Korean singer and dancer (B.A.P)
1990 – Jackie Bradley, Jr., American baseball player
1990 – Kim Chiu, Filipino actress
1990 – Héctor Miguel Herrera, Mexican footballer
1990 – Damien Le Tallec, French footballer
1990 – Teo Olivares, American actor
1990 – Patrick Wiegers, German footballer
1991 – Steve Cook, English footballer
1991 – Kelly Olynyk, Canadian basketball player
1992 – Paul-Jose M'Poku, Belgian footballer
1993 – Sebastian de Souza, English actor
1994 – Lee Areum, South Korean singer (T-ara)
1995 – Akira Saitō, Japanese actress
***
Deaths
1012 – Ælfheah of Canterbury, English archbishop (b. 954)
1054 – Pope Leo IX (b. 1002)
1321 – Patriarch Gerasimus I of Constantinople
1390 – Robert II of Scotland (b. 1316)
1560 – Philipp Melanchthon, German theologian and reformer (b. 1497)
1567 – Michael Stifel, German monk and mathematician (b. 1487)
1578 – Uesugi Kenshin, Japanese daimyo (b. 1530)
1588 – Paolo Veronese, Italian painter (b. 1528)
1608 – Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset, English politician (b. 1536)
1618 – Thomas Bastard, English clergyman (b. 1566)
1627 – Sir John Beaumont, 1st Baronet, English poet (b. 1583)
1629 – Sigismondo d'India, Italian composer (b. 1582)
1686 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish historian and playwright (b. 1610)
1689 – Christina, Queen of Sweden (b. 1626)
1733 – Elizabeth Hamilton, Countess of Orkney (b. 1655)
1739 – Nicholas Saunderson, English mathematician (b. 1682)
1768 – Canaletto, Italian painter (b. 1697)
1776 – Jacob Emden, German rabbi and talmudist (b. 1697)
1791 – Richard Price, Welsh philosopher (b. 1723)
1813 – Benjamin Rush, American physician and educator (b. 1745)
1824 – Lord Byron, English-Scottish poet (b. 1788)
1831 – Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger, German astronomer and mathematician (b. 1765)
1833 – James Gambier, 1st Baron Gambier, Bahamian-English admiral (b. 1756)
1840 – Jean-Jacques Lartigue, Canadian bishop (b. 1777)
1854 – Robert Jameson, Scottish mineralogist (b. 1774)
1881 – Benjamin Disraeli, English politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
1882 – Charles Darwin, English biologist and theorist (b. 1809)
1892 – Thomas Pelham Dale, English clergyman (b. 1821)
1893 – Martin Körber, Baltic German pastor, writer, composer and choral conductor (b. 1817)
1901 – Alfred Horatio Belo, American publisher, founded The Dallas Morning News (b. 1839)
1906 – Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1859)
1906 – Spencer Gore, English tennis player and cricketer (b. 1850)
1914 – Charles Sanders Peirce, American philosopher and mathematician (b. 1839)
1916 – Ephraim Shay, American engineer, designed the Shay locomotive (b. 1839)
1926 – Alexander Alexandrovich Chuprov, Russian statistician (b. 1874)
1930 – Georges-Casimir Dessaulles, Canadian businessman and politician (b. 1827)
1937 – Martin Conway, 1st Baron Conway of Allington, English cartographer and politician (b. 1856)
1937 – William Morton Wheeler, American entomologist (b. 1865)
1941 – Johanna Müller-Hermann, Austrian composer (b. 1878)
1949 – Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877)
1950 – Ernst Robert Curtius, French-German philologist and scholar (b. 1886)
1955 – Jim Corbett, Indian conservationist, colonel, and author (b. 1875)
1958 – Artur Kukk, Estonian wrestler (b. 1899)
1960 – Beardsley Ruml, American economist (b. 1894)
1961 – Max Hainle, German swimmer (b. 1882)
1966 – Eduards Smiļģis, Latvian actor and director (b. 1886)
1966 – Javier Solís, Mexican singer and actor (b. 1931)
1967 – Konrad Adenauer, German politician, 1st Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
1975 – Percy Lavon Julian, American chemist (b. 1899)
1988 – Kwon Ki-ok, North Korean pilot (b. 1901)
1989 – Daphne du Maurier, English author and playwright (b. 1907)
1991 – Stanley Hawes, English-Australian director and producer (b. 1905)
1992 – Frankie Howerd, English actor (b. 1917)
1993 – David Koresh, American religious leader (b. 1959)
1993 – George S. Mickelson, American politician, 28th Governor of South Dakota (b. 1941)
1993 – Timos Perlegas, Greek actor (b. 1938)
1993 – Joseph Wallace, American murder victim (b. 1990)
1996 – John Martin Scripps, English murderer (b. 1959)
1997 – Eldon Hoke, American singer and drummer (The Mentors and The Screamers) (b. 1958)
1998 – Octavio Paz, Mexican poet, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1914)
1999 – Hermine Braunsteiner, Austrian-German SS officer (b. 1919)
1999 – David Sanes, American security guard (b. 1954)
2000 – Louis Applebaum, Canadian composer and conductor (b. 1918)
2001 – Meldrim Thomson, Jr.. American politician, 73rd Governor of New Hampshire (b. 1912)
2003 – Mirza Tahir Ahmad, Indian-English caliph (b. 1928)
2004 – Norris McWhirter, English author and activist co-founded the Guinness World Records (b. 1925)
2004 – John Maynard Smith, English biologist (b. 1920)
2005 – George P. Cosmatos, Italian-Greek director and screenwriter (b. 1941)
2005 – Ruth Hussey, American actress (b. 1911)
2005 – Clement Meadmore, Australian-American sculptor (b. 1929)
2005 – Niels-Henning Ørsted Pedersen, Danish bassist and composer (b. 1946)
2006 – Albert Scott Crossfield, American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1921)
2007 – Jean-Pierre Cassel, French actor (b. 1932)
2007 – Helen Walton, American businesswomen (b. 1919)
2008 – John Marzano, American baseball player (b. 1963)
2008 – Alfonso López Trujillo, Colombian cardinal (b. 1935)
2009 – J. G. Ballard, Chinese-English author (b. 1930)
2010 – Guru, American rapper, producer, and actor (Gang Starr) (b. 1961)
2010 – Edwin Valero, Venezuelan boxer (b. 1981)
2010 – Carl Williams, Australian murderer and drug trafficker (b. 1970)
2011 – Elisabeth Sladen, English actress (b. 1946)
2012 – Leopold David de Rothschild, English financier and philanthropist (b. 1927)
2012 – Greg Ham, Australian saxophonist, songwriter, and actor (Men at Work) (b. 1953)
2012 – Levon Helm, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor (The Band) (b. 1940)
2012 – Murtaza Razvi, Pakistani journalist (b. 1964)
2012 – Valeri Vasiliev, Russian ice hockey player (b. 1949)
2013 – Sivanthi Adithan, Indian businessman (b. 1936)
2013 – Kenneth Appel, American mathematician (b. 1932)
2013 – Allan Arbus, American actor (b. 1918)
2013 – Mike Denness, Scottish-English cricketer and referee (b. 1940)
2013 – Patrick Garland, English actor and director (b. 1935)
2013 – Aishah Ghani, Malaysian politician (b. 1923)
2013 – Robert Holding, American businessman (b. 1926)
2013 – François Jacob, French biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1920)
2013 – Thomas Joseph Kelly, American horse trainer (b. 1919)
2013 – E. L. Konigsburg, American author and illustrator (b. 1930)
2013 – Al Neuharth, American journalist, author, and publisher, founded USA Today (b. 1924)
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